Annealing-induced interfacial toughening using a molecular nanolayer

Self-assembled molecular nanolayers (MNLs) composed of short organic chains and terminated with desired functional groups are attractive for modifying surface properties for a variety of applications. For example, organosilane MNLs are used as lubricants, in nanolithography, for corrosion protection and in the crystallization of biominerals. Recent work has explored uses of MNLs at thin-film interfaces, both as active components in molecular devices, and as passive layers, inhibiting interfacial diffusion, promoting adhesion and toughening brittle nanoporous structures. The relatively low stability of MNLs on surfaces at temperatures above 350-400 degrees C (refs 12, 13), as a result of desorption or degradation, limits the use of surface MNLs in high-temperature applications. Here we harness MNLs at thin-film interfaces at temperatures higher than the MNL desorption temperature to fortify copper-dielectric interfaces relevant to wiring in micro- and nano-electronic devices. Annealing Cu/MNL/SiO2 structures at 400-700 degrees C results in interfaces that are five times tougher than pristine Cu/SiO2 structures, yielding values exceeding approximately 20 J m(-2). Previously, similarly high toughness values have only been obtained using micrometre-thick interfacial layers. Electron spectroscopy of fracture surfaces and density functional theory modelling of molecular stretching and fracture show that toughening arises from thermally activated interfacial siloxane bridging that enables the MNL to be strongly linked to both the adjacent layers at the interface, and suppresses MNL desorption. We anticipate that our findings will open up opportunities for molecular-level tailoring of a variety of interfacial properties, at processing temperatures higher than previously envisaged, for applications where microlayers are not a viable option-such as in nanodevices or in thermally resistant molecular-inorganic hybrid devices.     

A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Genome-wide detection and characterization of positive selection in human populations

With the advent of dense maps of human genetic variation, it is now possible to detect positive natural selection across the human genome. Here we report an analysis of over 3 million polymorphisms from the International HapMap Project Phase 2 (HapMap2). We used 'long-range haplotype' methods, which were developed to identify alleles segregating in a population that have undergone recent selection, and we also developed new methods that are based on cross-population comparisons to discover alleles that have swept to near-fixation within a population. The analysis reveals more than 300 strong candidate regions. Focusing on the strongest 22 regions, we develop a heuristic for scrutinizing these regions to identify candidate targets of selection. In a complementary analysis, we identify 26 non-synonymous, coding, single nucleotide polymorphisms showing regional evidence of positive selection. Examination of these candidates highlights three cases in which two genes in a common biological process have apparently undergone positive selection in the same population:LARGE and DMD, both related to infection by the Lassa virus, in West Africa;SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, both involved in skin pigmentation, in Europe; and EDAR and EDA2R, both involved in development of hair follicles, in Asia.     

区域城乡协调发展的综合评价——以宁波为例

城乡之间的协调表现在很多方面.要全面、客观地评价一个地区的城乡协调发展情况,必须建立科学合理的评价指标体系,选择恰当的评价方法.本文结合宁波市的实际情况,讨论了城乡协调发展的内涵和目标,提出了城乡协调发展评价指标体系和方法,揭示了宁波市近年城乡协调发展方面存在的问题和未来可能的变化态势.     

塔里木河流域中下游典型地物光谱变化规律

由于塔里木河流域中下游距离河道在垂直向的差别,以及气候与人为因素的影响,使植被的空间分布具有异构性.典型地物光谱变化的研究为中下游生态环境的遥感监测提供了基础,实验研究表明:绿色全荣植物中,棉花由于其具有明显绿峰、水分吸收谷和近红外的高反射峰而更加容易识别,其他植物主要差别则集中在550,680,1420 nm附近的反射峰、吸收谷和1920～2500 nm之间的反射率;与绿色植被相比,枯枝的光谱在可见光部分的绿峰和红光吸收谷不明显,但在可见光部分波形有所差别,而与流沙土壤光谱相比,各波段反射率变化较大;对比不同荣枯比例的植物光谱发现,同一种植物随着荣枯配比的变化,除可见光绿峰、近红外反射峰和各水分吸收谷变化外,最明显的是在近红外1420～1820 nm之间和短波红外1920～2500 nm之间反射率随着枯枝的比例增加而明显升高;关于土壤光谱,中下游各断面占主要类型的流沙土光谱相差不大,但是盐碱土和含有一定水分的盐碱土则变化较大,而且反射率基本低于流沙土,结壳土则除在近红外和短波红外部分变化更加平缓而有所差别外,其余波段接近流沙土;同样的土壤背景下,近红外和短波红外部分反射率的差别能够在一定程度上反映覆盖度的变化.     

基于SVG的WebGIS的设计与实现

基于XML标准的SVG是一种描述二维矢量图像的语言,对WebGIS的构建具备良好的可用性和适用性.提出了一个建立基于SVG的WebGIS系统的体系结构,将之应用于重庆大学校园电子地图系统中,证明了方案的可行性和实用性.对系统实现的关键技术进行了详细阐述:SVG空间数据组织编码方法;SVG电子地图的制作;SVG空间数据存储和系统客户端实现.     

钢铁企业轨梁万能生产线仿真建模

针对钢铁企业的轨梁万能生产线在生产中存在的新产品调试生产周期过长、生产瓶颈不易诊断、设备利用率低等问题,分析了钢铁企业轨梁万能生产线不同于传统离散制造以及流程制造过程的特点,在此基础上建立了半连续半离散的轨梁万能生产线的Petri网模型和各设备的仿真组件模型,开发了轨梁万能生产线的仿真系统,并用一个实际的工程应用案例,验证了该仿真模型及其系统的可操作性以及有效性,达到了提高生产现场轨梁万能生产线的生产效率和产能的目的.     

中华芦荟愈伤组织的诱导

以中华芦荟幼苗茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,通过添加不同浓度的生长素、细胞分裂素或两者组合,以及添加Vc或活性炭(共350种组合),研究中华芦荟愈伤组织的诱导及生长情况.结果表明, 在单独使用不同种类的生长素时,不同浓度的生长素诱导的愈伤组织频率差异明显,且愈伤组织的生长状态也各异;单独使用细胞分裂素时,愈伤组织的诱导率极低.当组合不同浓度和种类的生长素和细胞分裂素时,愈伤组织诱导频率差异显著;同时发现在减轻愈伤组织褐化的效果上,Vc较活性炭好.通过对愈伤组织诱导结果的比较,MS 2.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D 10 mg/L Vc为中华芦荟愈伤组织诱导的较好培养基,愈伤组织诱导率达到91.4%,且愈伤组织生长较旺盛.     

一种新广义Preisach迟滞模型及其神经网络辨识

研究压电陶瓷执行器应用于纳米定位系统时,其多值映射的迟滞特性对系统定位控制精度影响.在经典Preisach模型的基础上,引入平均迟滞函数,提出了一种新广义Preisach迟滞模型,并利用神经网络对新广义Preisach模型关键参量辨识.仿真实验表明,利用该迟滞模型对压电陶瓷执行器建模,可以简化建模过程,提高建模精度.